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Model foundations

Hallucinations and unsupported claims

Also called: fluent is not true, confabulation, making things up

DEFINITION

A hallucination is fluent, confident output that isn't supported by fact or by the sources provided. It arises because the model optimises for plausible-sounding text, not for truth.

WHY IT MATTERS

The failure looks exactly like success — well-formed sentences, invented citations, realistic names. Fluency is not evidence, so claims that carry risk must be verified against a real source.

COMMONLY CONFUSED WITH

Lying. There is no intent; the model has no concept of true or false, only of likely-next-text.